Cadeias globais de valor: participação, política industrial e upgrading na indústria mineral

Abstract

The advent of global value chains (GVCs) as a dominant feature of global production has provided emerging markets with development opportunities. Specifically, countries rich in natural resources can capture value from the extractive sector and increase their integration in more advanced stages of these chains. Given this context, the first objective of this research was to investigate the factors that allow the greater participation of the world mining industry in GVCs and the position of the Brazilian mineral industry (BMI) in these chains about the mining industry of other countries. To this end, panel data were used for 62 countries, corresponding to the period from 2001 to 2015. The results of the model suggests that trade liberalization and workforce qualification are fundamental to increase the participation of this industry in GVCs. They also pointed out that 77% of developing countries in the sample have low participation of their respective mining industries in the GVCs. The second objective of the research was to analyze the efficiency and productivity of countries, which are rich in mineral resources, in carrying out upgrading in GVCs, in addition to investigating what are the factors that can explain the change in productivity. For that, first the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique and the Malmquist index were applied. Next, the fixed-effect model was used to investigate the factors that can influence in productivity changes. The results showed that there was a significant improvement in the efficiency index of the twenty countries analyzed, between 1995 and 2018, in carrying out upgrading in GVCs from the mining industry. The general average of the Tfpch, i.e., the total productivity of these countries, suggests an increase in the efficiency of countries, especially in those from emerging economies. When Tfpch is decomposed into technical efficiency change (Effch) and technological efficiency change (Techch), it was observed that the latter has contributed more to increase the productivity. The third objective of the research was to verify how the implementation of an industrial policy oriented to GVCs in the BMI is having an effect over time and promoting upgrades. Thereunto, integrated autoregressive models of moving averages and intervention were adjusted for the period betweem 2005 and 2020 under a set of dimensions that characterize this policy. We founded that, among six instruments implemented in the BMI (Foreign Direct Investment – FDI, innovation, development of specialized niches, development of local companies, regional integration, and sustainability), only the instruments referring to FDI and innovation were significant, i.e., its effects were noticeable throughout the analyzed period. Moreover, the descriptive analysis showed that these instruments were effective in capturing value in GVCs. Finally, the fourth and last objective of this study was to identify and analyze the mechanisms

that lead improvements in favor to capture value of BMI in GVCs. Using the empirical- inductive method, the results indicated opportunities to use comparative advantages, strengthen

BMI’s forward linkages, and to develop local suppliers.