Exploring the influence of urbanization intensity and habitat types on spontaneous urban flora: richness, cover, composition, and functional traits

Abstract

Understanding the effects of urbanization on biodiversity is crucial due to its significant impact on human society. This study investigated the influence of urbanization intensity of medium- sized cities on the richness, vegetation cover, and composition of native and non-native species. Differences in plant functional traits in these environments were also analyzed. The results revealed that the richness and composition of native plants were not related to the intensity of urbanization. However, the richness of non-native plants and the cover of native plants were affected by urbanization. Sidewalks and vacant lots stood out as important habitats for the richness of both native and non-native plants. The maximum height of plants was the only functional trait related to the intensity of urbanization. Urbanization intensity affected the richness of non-native plants and the vegetation cover of native plants, while species composition was not influenced. Future studies should consider factors such as soil relationships and temperature at regional and global scales for a more comprehensive understanding of plant distribution patterns in urban areas and their interactions with the environment. Furthermore, the importance of urban habitats for plant growth highlights the need to investigate functional patterns in these areas in order to assess the potential of invasive non-native species and their impact on native biodiversity.