Eco(geno)toxicidade da formulação acaricida COLOSSO FC30 em diferentes modelos vegetais e Artemia salina L.

Abstract

In the Brazilian and global perspective, cattle farming plays a crucial role in providing food such as meat, milk, and derivatives for the domestic market. However, the process of raising cattle exposes the animals to ectoparasites, especially ticks. The control of this ectoparasite is carried out with acaricides, such as the commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30, which contains chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and fenthion. This product is sprayed on the animals' bodies; however, after application, they may freely roam around rural properties, carrying toxic molecules on their fur, which can eventually result in soil, lake, and river contamination. Faced with this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate the eco(geno)toxicity of the commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30 on different organisms. The phytotoxicity test was performed using four plant models (Lactuca sativa, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus, and Triticum aestivum). Seeds were exposed to different concentrations of the product (0.12 to 23.61 mL/L of the commercial formulation) for 72 hours, evaluating parameters such as percentage of germination (%G), germination speed index (GSI), fresh mass, root length, and shoot length. In the cytogenotoxicity test with Allium cepa, germinated seeds were exposed to different concentrations (0.195 to 1.25 mL/L of the commercial formulation) for 48 hours. After this period, evaluations were conducted in both the meristematic zone and the F1 region of the root, considering parameters such as the number of cells in division, chromosomal aberrations, and micronuclei. The acute toxicity test with the microcrustacean Artemia salina L. was conducted following the guidelines of NBR 16530, with concentrations ranging from 0.000976 to 0.1024 mL/L of the commercial formulation. In the tests with plant models, %G was the least sensitive parameter, requiring high concentrations for 50% inhibition. Unlike %G, the GSI of the plant models demonstrated higher sensitivity to the formulation, with EC50 of 0.8151, 2.080, 2.990, and 6.352 mL/L for L. sativa, R. sativus, P. glaucum, and T. aestivum, respectively. The parameters that showed higher sensitivity to COLOSSO FC30 were root length and shoot length. For root length, the EC50 values were 0.3464, 0.6758, 0.3558, and 0.6870 mL/L for L. sativa, R. sativus, P. glaucum, and T. aestivum, respectively. Regarding shoot length, the EC50 values were 0.6174, 3.313, 0.1901, and 0.2173 mL/L for L. sativa, R. sativus, P. glaucum, and T. aestivum, respectively. Regarding the effects on the cell cycle, both in the meristematic region and in the F1 of the roots of A. cepa, concentrations above 0.351 mL/L reduced mitotic activity. In the meristematic region, all concentrations induced chromosomal aberrations, with chromosomal adhesion being the most common. Micronuclei were found in both evaluated regions at all concentrations. In the acute toxicity bioassay with A. salina nauplii, the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) after 24 hours of exposure was 0.01207 mL/L of the commercial formulation. In view of the identified environmental risks, it is essential to seek sustainable methods to control ectoparasites and thus reduce impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.