Desvelando o voluntariado: produção discursiva sobre o voluntariado no megaevento esportivo Rio 2016

Abstract

Volunteering, in most studies on the subject, is associated with charity, philanthropy and assistance. There is no problem in volunteering being related to such terms, however, it should be emphasized that the concepts that share this semantics often hide, in a naive way, the interest of others and even the self-interest that is linked to voluntary action. The interest of others, as regards, for example, the figuration of capitalist companies as central agents of social responsibility among their stakeholders. And the self-benefit, because it can be used by the individual who practices it as a certificate of nobility, that is, being a better person, benevolent citizen status and civic duty, christian practitioner, positive return in the labor market among other advantages in the curriculum. In this way, the understanding of volunteering only as charity, philanthropy, welfare and other benevolences naturalizes the ways of making and inventing social life. This is because, this understanding ignores that volunteering is configured in a historical process dialectically interconnected with other social elements that reveal the various interests between the parties involved. This naturalization reinforces a reductionist view on the phenomenon, limiting it to a romanticized vision that grants him a noble dress. This veil of nobility shows only one face. Thus, the objective of this research was to unveil volunteering, comprising its multiple faces and the representational meanings of the practice, from the discourses about volunteering in the mega multi-sport event. For this work, the following research question was adopted: What is the discursive production about volunteering in the mega multi-sport event Rio 2016? Methodological research included: analysis of 13 interviews with Olympic volunteers; analysis of 87 posts of the official group of volunteers in a social network; analysis of 03 news from the official website of the organization of the event; and analysis of Law no 9.608 which provides for voluntary service in Brazil. All of these data formed the corpus of analysis to be possible Critical Discourse Analysis from the three-dimensional perspective of Fairclough (2001). The main results are: characterization of volunteering in five approaches on how the phenomenon is being studied in the social sciences (Functional Approach to Motivating Volunteers; Management Approach to Volunteering; Marketing Approach to Volunteering; Representation Approach to Volunteering; Ideological Approach: The Critique of "New Volunteering), and the incidence of six arguments that constituted the discursive intertextual chain on voluntary action in the Rio 2016 sports mega event (Social Problems, Economic Development Status of the Country, Event Realization, Individual Effort for the Collective, Event Event, Company Capacity Brazilian). It was necessary to conceive of the social processes that involved voluntary activity in the Olympics, through contradictions and totality, that is, their social, ideological and interdiscursive particularities were observed. It should be emphasized that volunteering is a frequent theme and very significant in Brazilian daily experience, which justifies the relevance of this work.