Acaricidal and repellent activity of the essential oils of Backhousia citriodora, Callistemon viminalis and Cinnamodendron dinisii against Rhipicephalus spp.

Abstract

The ticks Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l) are of great importance to agriculture, veterinary medicine and public health. Due to a number of problems related to the use of synthetic acaricides, natural products emerge as promising substances for alternative tick control. In the present study, essential oils of Backhousia citriodora, Callistemon viminalis and Cinnamodendron dinisii were extracted by hydrodistillation, characterized by GC–MS and GC-FID and biologically evaluated for acaricidal activity against R. microplus and repellent activity against R. sanguineus s.l. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChe) by the essential oils was also evaluated. The major constituent of B. citriodora is citral (98.9 %), whereas the essential oil from C. viminalis is rich in 1.8-cineole (78.1 %), α-pinene (12.5 %) and limonene (3.36 %), and that from C. dinisii contains α-pinene (30.8 %), β-pinene (12.5 %) and sabinene (11.3 %) as the principal constituents. The median lethal concentrations (LC 50) estimated for the essential oils on engorged R. microplus females were 3.276 μL.mL−1 for B. citriodora, 8.195 μL.mL−1 for C. dinisii and 8.936 μL.mL−1 for C. viminalis. The essential oil of B. citriodora showed the best repellent effect against unfed R. sanguineus s.l. adults, demonstrating repellent action up to 3 h after application. The essential oil of C. viminalis was able to reduce AChe activity, with an average inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 0.33 μg mL−1. Thus, these oils can be considered as sources of bioactive compounds for tick control.