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Artigo
Biological control as part of the soybean integrated pest management (IPM): potential and challenges
(2023) Bueno, Adeney de F.; Sutil, Weidson P.; Jahnke, Simone M.; Carvalho, Geraldo A.; Cingolani, Maria Fernanda; Colmenarez, Yelitza C.; Corniani, Natália
Soybean production is usually performed on large scales, requiring simple but efficient pest management to be successful. Soybean fields are inhabited by several species of arthropods, demanding constant development of management practices to prevent pest outbreaks. More recently, stink bugs have become the most important pest group of soybeans in the Neotropics, responsible for up to 60% of the applied insecticides in Brazil. Natural enemies represent an important mortality factor that can keep the damage caused by stink bugs below the economic threshold levels without additional control actions. Thus, Conservation Biological Control (CBC) strategies can be adopted to preserve or even promote the increase in such natural enemies in the fields, or alternatively, massive releases of biocontrol agents in Augmentative Biological Control (ABC) programs could be adopted. Simple practices such as reducing insecticide use (with the adoption of economic thresholds), prioritizing harmless insecticides or biopesticides, and planting resistant soybean cultivars have been adopted in Brazil with positive results. The challenges to increasing the adoption of more complex stink bug management in commodity crops such as soybean may be overcome using the more recent economic incentives in the global agenda of decarbonized agriculture. The potential and challenges of conservation and augmentative biological control are further discussed in this review
Artigo
Biological attributes in soils with cover crops in the Soybean direct seeding system in southwest of Goiás, Brazil
(2023-10-05) Ventura, Matheus Vinicius Abadia; Batista-Ventura, Hellen Regina Fernandes; Souchie, Edson Luiz; Carneiro, Marco Aurélio Carbone; Santos, Darliane de Castro
With the introduction of brachiaria as a cover crop, the no-tillage system stands out due to its high dry matter yield and efficiency in nutrient recycling, promoting the improvement of the biological properties of the soil. However, as important as reporting crop yields, it is necessary to understand the biological response that causes this increase. Assuming that intercropping systems with brachiaria in the no-tillage system promote the improvement of biological attributes, this study aimed to evaluate biological attributes in soils under different intercropping systems after three years under the no-tillage system in the dry and rainy period in Rio Verde and Montividiu, Southwest of Goiás, Brazil. The study was conducted during three crop seasons following the soybean crop in Rio Verde and Montividiu in the Southwest of Goiás. The treatments included corn in monocropping, corn intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha cv. Marandu, and U. brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás and sorghum intercropped with U. ruziziensis. The biological attributes evaluated were microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, basal soil respiration, metabolic and microbial quotient, β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, urease, and fluorescein diacetate. It was observed that management influences biological attributes and enzymatic activity. The intercropping influenced microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, qCO2, and qMic. The β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase enzymes were the most sensitive to management. The arylsulfatase enzyme could not demonstrate the biological efficiency of brachiaria in the 3rd year in one area.
Artigo
Biofortification of Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.) Through Soil Selenium Application
(2023-08-04) Zauza, Stefânia Barros; Namorato, Filipe Aiura; Silva, Vinicius Martins; Oliveira, Cynthia de; Lopes, Guilherme; Li, Li; Pasqual, Moacir; Guilherme, Luiz Roberto Guimarães; Dória, Joyce
The ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata) is a nutritious native American vegetable that stands out for its high protein content. This study aimed to assess the potential of P. aculeata for selenium (Se) biofortification and accumulation by evaluating agronomic parameters, nutrients, and nutritional composition under different forms and application rates of Se via soil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using two Se sources (selenate and selenite) and five application rates (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg Se kg−1 of soil) and the control as an additional treatment. The evaluations carried out were total Se content, recovery, and uptake in stems and leaves, agronomic parameters, centesimal composition, relative chlorophyll index (SPAD), total proteins, total free amino acids, and nutrient content in leaves. Se was more strongly absorbed and accumulated in leaves and stems with selenate treatment and was significantly higher in leaves. Furthermore, phytotoxic effects were observed in plant leaves and internodes at higher application rates of selenate (4.0 and 8.0 mg Se kg−1). Selenite provided higher leaf fresh matter (LFM) and stem dry matter (SDM) than selenate at a rate of 8.0 mg kg−1. For the relative chlorophyll index (SPAD) and the percentage of ash, the rates of 4.0 and 8.0 mg kg−1 showed higher averages for selenate treatment. Lipid percentage and total free amino acid (TFA) content were higher at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg−1 for selenate and selenite treatment, respectively. The percentage of total carbohydrates (TC) was higher under selenite application at 1.0 mg kg−1, and for selenate rates, TC was higher at 0.5 and 8.0 mg kg−1. For the total protein (TP) content, selenite was higher than selenate at application rates of 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg−1. An increase in leaf S content was observed with increasing Se application rates up to 4.0 mg kg−1 with selenate treatment. Se was significantly absorbed and accumulated in selenate-treated leaves, affecting leaf agronomic parameters, SPAD index, lipids, ashes, carbohydrates, total proteins, total free amino acids, and S content. Although non-tolerant, P. aculeata is a Se-accumulating plant. Selenate application resulted in leaf Se accumulation, reaching high Se levels at the highest rate applied (maximum ~ 970 μg g−1). Although selenate induced symptoms of phytotoxicity at the higher rates (4.0 and 8.0 mg Se kg−1), Pereskia aculeata resulted a species with potential for biofortification that can be used to supply Se to human food.
Artigo
Biodegradation, water sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of extruded packaging composed of Cassava starch with tomato peel
(2023-11-19) Cotta, Anômora Ariane Rochido dos Santos; Ferreira, Laura Fonseca; Borges, Soraia Vilela; Nascimento, Bruna de Souza; Cotta, Alexandre Alberto Chaves; Dias, Marali Vilela
In this study, we examined biodegradable packaging made from cassava starch and tomato peel and seed. We evaluated biodegradation using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and visual analysis. Water sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties were analyzed at various temperatures (5 °C, 15 °C and 25 °C) and humidity levels until reaching constant weight. These packages biodegrade rapidly, typically within about 18 days, in contrast to conventional fossil-based polymer packaging. During degradation, we observed visible surface changes, including roughness, hole formation, fragmentation and color alterations, confirmed by FTIR, TG and Scanning Electron Microscopy analyses. Water solubility decreased with the addition of tomato peel. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model provided the best fit for the water sorption isotherm data. Monolayer moisture content (Xm) ranged from 11.02 to 7.54 g of H2O/100 g of solids at 5 °C, from 12.99 to 8.89 g of H2O/100 g of solids at 15 °C, and from 34.93 to 16.68 g of H2O/100 g of solids at 25 °C. Thermodynamic properties revealed that lower moisture content led to higher ∆Hdiff values, indicating more active sorption sites, and higher − ∆Sdiff values, suggesting greater order in sorbed water molecules. In conclusion, our results highlight the viability of these active biodegradable packages, which degrade rapidly and exhibit adsorption behavior primarily influenced by entropy, as an environmentally friendly alternative.
Artigo
Beyond expectations: recent discovery of new cave-restricted species elevates the Água Clara Cave System to the richest hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics
(2023) Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Souza-Silva, Marconi
The Água Clara Cave System was previously recognized as a prominent hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in South America, harboring 31 cave-restricted species. However, a recent expedition conducted in September 2023, coinciding with an exceptionally dry period in the region, provided access to previously unexplored areas. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the cave-restricted invertebrate species, extending the findings from a previous article on the Agua Clara Cave System published in June 2023, and emphasizing the significance of this system as one of the most crucial tropical biodiversity hotspots. This survey unveiled an additional 10 species, raising the count of cave-restricted species within the system to an impressive 41. This remarkable diversity not only solidifies the Água Clara Cave System’s position as a paramount hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the tropics but also serves as a stark warning about the imminent risks faced by these species. The escalating human-induced alterations in the region, notably deforestation, pose a significant risk to the survival of many of these unique and endemic species.