dissertação
Teores e coeficientes de distribuição de elementos-traço em Latossolo adubado com dejetos líquidos de suínos
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE LAVRAS
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O crescimento acelerado da suinocultura no Brasil tem gerado acúmulo de dejetos nas propriedades, preocupando os órgãos ambientais, pois deposições indiscriminadas desses dejetos podem resultar em excessos de alguns elementos-traço no solo e sua possível transferência para plantas e águas subterrâneas. O uso dos dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) como biofertilizante tem sido estudado como uma estratégia para auxiliar no destino adequado desse subproduto. Entretanto, nota-se que existe ainda uma necessidade de pesquisas com o intuito de avaliar possíveis riscos ambientais acarretados por essa prática. Assim, torna-se relevante o conhecimento não somente dos teores, mas também dos coeficientes de distribuição (Kd) de elementos-traço (ETs), que é uma variável importante para subsidiar análises de risco à saúde e ecológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os teores semitotais e os valores de Kd para As, Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn em amostras de solo coletadas em diferentes profundidades, em área localizada no município de Rio Verde (GO), a qual possui histórico conhecido do uso de diferentes doses de DLS, há vários anos. Os solos foram caracterizados fisicamente e quimicamente, sendo os teores semitotais dos ETs determinados segundo o método 3051A da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA (UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - USEPA, 1998) e a sua concentração na solução do solo, determinada em extratos de pastas de saturação, conforme metodologia preconizada pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA (1997). Em seguida, calculou-se o Kd pela relação entre os teores dos ETs na fase sólida e os da solução do solo. A aplicação até a dosagem de 100 m³ ha-1 não causou poluição do solo pelos elementos estudados a ponto de se proibir ou suspender as aplicações. Os maiores teores semitotais foram encontrados para o Zn, variando de 26,80 a 54,72 mg kg-1. Não foram observados aumentos, após a utilização do DLS, nos teores semitotais de Cu, Zn, Cd e Pb, a ponto de se atingirem os valores de prevenção estipulados pelo CONAMA. Entretanto, os teores de As em alguns tratamentos atingiram tal valor de prevenção. O Kd para Cd se correlacionou melhor com carbono total. Os teores de H+Al, carbono total e a CTC efetiva apresentaram correlações com o Kd para Zn. O Kd para Zn, na camada de 0-10 cm, foi estatisticamente maior (527 L kg-1) que nas demais profundidades. Na mesma camada de solo, houve uma tendência das maiores doses de DLS causarem maiores valores de Kd para Cd. O Kd do Pb na superfície foi menor para as maiores doses aplicadas (75 e 100 m³ ha-1), quando comparado à menor dose e ao tratamento controle. Em superfície (0-10 cm), o Kd para Pb foi 113 vezes maior que o do Cd. A mobilidade dos ETs estudados, avaliada pela ordem crescente de seus Kds, decresceu na ordem Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb.
The accelerated growth of swine production in Brazil has led to an accumulation of waste on farms, raising concerns by environmental agencies, since indiscriminate waste deposition might result in excess of some trace elements in soils and its possible transfer to plants and the groundwater. The use of pig slurry (PS) as a biofertilizer has been studied as a strategy to assist in the proper destination of this byproduct. Yet, there is still a need for research aiming to assess the potential environmental risks posed by such practice. Under such circumstances, not only the total content but also an adequate knowledge of the distribution coefficient (Kd) of trace elements (TE) of concern is important to support human health as well as ecological risk assessments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the semitotal contents as well as to determine Kd values for As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil samples collected at different depths in an area located in Rio Verde (GO), which has historical records of use of different doses of pig slurry during several years. The soils were characterized physically and chemically, and the semitotal levels of TEs determined by the 3051A method of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1998). Soil solution concentrations of TE of concern were determined in saturation extracts, according to the methodology recommended by Embrapa (1997). Distribution coefficients (Kd) were then calculated as the ratio of TE concentrations in the solid phase to that in the soil solution. Increasing slurry application up to the dose of 100 m³ ha-1 did not cause pollution. The use of PS increased semitotal levels of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, but all values remained smaller than regulatory levels set by the Brazilian Legislation as prevention values. However, for As the levels in some of the treatments reached such a prevention value. The Kd for Cd correlated better with total carbon. The contents of H + Al and total carbon, as well as the effective CEC correlated positively with Kd for Zn. The Kd for Zn in the 0-10-cm layer was significantly higher (527 L kg-1) that for bottom layers. In the same layer of soil, there was a tendency of higher doses of DLS to cause higher Kd values for Cd. The Kd for Pb on the surface was lower for higher doses (75 and 100 m³ ha-1) when compared to the lowest dose and the control treatment. The Kd for Pb at the surface (0-10 cm) was 113 times greater than that of Cd. The mobility of the studied ETs, evaluated in ascending order of their Kds, decreased as Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb.
The accelerated growth of swine production in Brazil has led to an accumulation of waste on farms, raising concerns by environmental agencies, since indiscriminate waste deposition might result in excess of some trace elements in soils and its possible transfer to plants and the groundwater. The use of pig slurry (PS) as a biofertilizer has been studied as a strategy to assist in the proper destination of this byproduct. Yet, there is still a need for research aiming to assess the potential environmental risks posed by such practice. Under such circumstances, not only the total content but also an adequate knowledge of the distribution coefficient (Kd) of trace elements (TE) of concern is important to support human health as well as ecological risk assessments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the semitotal contents as well as to determine Kd values for As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil samples collected at different depths in an area located in Rio Verde (GO), which has historical records of use of different doses of pig slurry during several years. The soils were characterized physically and chemically, and the semitotal levels of TEs determined by the 3051A method of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1998). Soil solution concentrations of TE of concern were determined in saturation extracts, according to the methodology recommended by Embrapa (1997). Distribution coefficients (Kd) were then calculated as the ratio of TE concentrations in the solid phase to that in the soil solution. Increasing slurry application up to the dose of 100 m³ ha-1 did not cause pollution. The use of PS increased semitotal levels of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, but all values remained smaller than regulatory levels set by the Brazilian Legislation as prevention values. However, for As the levels in some of the treatments reached such a prevention value. The Kd for Cd correlated better with total carbon. The contents of H + Al and total carbon, as well as the effective CEC correlated positively with Kd for Zn. The Kd for Zn in the 0-10-cm layer was significantly higher (527 L kg-1) that for bottom layers. In the same layer of soil, there was a tendency of higher doses of DLS to cause higher Kd values for Cd. The Kd for Pb on the surface was lower for higher doses (75 and 100 m³ ha-1) when compared to the lowest dose and the control treatment. The Kd for Pb at the surface (0-10 cm) was 113 times greater than that of Cd. The mobility of the studied ETs, evaluated in ascending order of their Kds, decreased as Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb.
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PENHA, H. G. V. Teores e coeficientes de distribuição de elementos-traço em latossolo adubado com defetos líquidos de suínos. 2011. 100 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência do Solo)-Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011.