Influence of flight altitude and control points in the georeferencing of images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the influence of flight altitude, density, and distribution of ground control points (GCPs) on the digital terrain model (DTM) in surveys conducted by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). A total of 144 photogrammetric projects consisting of 399 aerial photos were carried out in a 2 ha area. These photogrammetric projects involved six GCP distributions (edge, center, diagonal, parallel, stratified, and random), six GCP densities, and four flight altitudes (30, 60, 90, and 120 m). The response surface methodology was used to find interference factors and total root-mean-square error (RMSEt) as well. The 60 m flight altitude presented was the most efficient. Central GCP distribution was observed to have low precision. Using stratified and random edge distributions, 10 GCPs are recommended to achieve geometric precision below 0.07 m at any flight height. However, for studies requiring up to 0.07 m precision, the best distribution was parallel with 4 GCPs at any altitude. Diagonal positioning of the GCPs showed RMSEt values below 0.11 m with 4 GCPs at any altitude. A good distribution of GCPs was found to be important, but the density of GCPs per image was more relevant when obtaining a lower RMSEt.