tese
Tratamento biológico de percolados de resíduos sólidos urbanos pela associação entre reator anaeróbio de baixa carga e wetlands
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE LAVRAS
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Programa de Pós-Graduação
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Fundação Estadual de Meio Ambiente (FEAM)
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Avaliou-se em escala piloto um Sistema de tratamento biológico, associando-se reator anaeróbio de baixa carga e wetlands visando à eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e poluentes inorgânicos (metais pesados) oriundos de lixiviados de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). O experimento foi constituído de três sistemas tendo como referência a porcentagem de matéria orgânica (0, 30 e 60% de matéria orgânica) presente nos RSU. Os recipientes com as respectivas porcentagens MO foram interligados a um reator anaeróbio que por sua vez foi conectado a três wetlands, dos quais dois com plantas macrófitas diferentes, (Salvinia auriculata (WM) e Eichhornia azurea (WA)) e o terceiro apenas substrato de brita e areia (C), denominados de S1, S2 e S3 respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado em duas fases em função do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH): Fase 1 com TDH de 9,2 dias e Fase 2 com TDH de 4,6 dias. Foram realizadas medições de vazões a cada dois dias por meio de hidrômetros e diariamente a medição de evaporação e precipitação. Realizaram-se análises físicas, químicas e bacteriológicas semanalmente, por um período de monitoramento de seis meses visando avaliar o desempenho dos reatores anaeróbios e dos wetlands na remoção dos poluentes. Os parâmetros avaliados foram DQOt, DQOf, DQOp, SSV, SS, Nitrato, Nitrito, Fosfato, Nitrogênio amoniacal, AT, AVT, pH, Coliformes termotolerantes, E. coli, parâmetros operacionais dos reatores anaeróbios AI, AP, temperatura e a relação AI/AP, e metais pesados (cromo, cobre, bromo, ferro, manganês, alumínio, níquel e zinco). A análise da influência do TDH e dos tratamentos (wetlands) dentro de cada sistema foi avaliada estatisticamente. Os reatores anaeróbios não se mostraram eficientes na remoção de matéria orgânica, de nutrientes e parâmetros bacteriológicos (coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli) e pouco eficientes na remoção de metais. Em relação aos wetlands, observou-se eficiência acima de 60% para as duas macrófitas nos três sistemas e acima de 80% em relação à remoção de DQOf, maiores eficiências para N-amoniacal, nitrito e nitrato para sistemas com maiores porcentagens de MO e eficiências satisfatórias para parâmetros bacteriológicos, com maiores TDH, com maiores reduções para sistemas S1 e S2. A Fase 1 foi considerada de melhor desempenho para os parâmetros químicos e bacteriológicos e alguns metais (cromo, níquel, alumínio, bromo e ferro), porém para os metais cobre e zinco o sistema não foi eficiente na remoção dos mesmos. A eficiência de remoção global para a maioria dos parâmetros se mostrou inferior em relação às eficiências dos wetlands, sugerindo que o reator anaeróbio influenciou de forma negativa principalmente em função do arraste de sólidos e/ou maior COV na Fase 1.
We evaluated a Biological Treatment System in a pilot scale, associating a low charge and wetlands anaerobic reactor, aiming at the efficiency of removing organic matter, nutrients and inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) derived from Urban Solid Waste (USW) leachate. The experiment was constructed in three systems, referencing the percentage of organic matter (0, 30 and 60%) present in the USR. The recipients with the respective percentages of OM were connected to an anaerobic reactor and, in turn, connected to three wetlands, of which two presented distinct macrophyte plants (Salvinia auriculata (WM) and Eichhornia azurea (WA)) and the third with only gravel and sand substrate (C), denominated S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The experiment was conducted in two phases in function of the time of hydraulic detention (THD): Phase 1 with THD of 9.2 days and Phase 2 with THD of 4.6 days. We measured the flow every two days by means of hydrometers and daily measured evaporation and precipitation. We conducted weekly physical, chemical and bacterial analyses for a monitoring period of six months with the objective of evaluating the performance of the anaerobic reactors and wetlands in the removal of pollutants. The parameters evaluated were CODt, CODf, CODp, VSS, SS, TS, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, TA, TVA, pH, thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, operational parameters of the anaerobic reactors, IA, PA, temperature and IA/PA relation, as well as heavy metals (chrome, copper, brome, iron, manganese, aluminum, nickel and zinc). The analysis of the influence of THD and of the treatments (wetlands) within each system was statistically evaluated. The anaerobic reactors were not efficient in removing organic matter, nutrients and bacterial parameters (thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli) and little efficient in removing metals. Regarding the wetlands, we observed an efficiency above 60% for both macrophytes in the three systems and above 80% in regard to the removal of CODf, higher efficiencies for ammonium N, nitrite and nitrate for systems with higher percentages of OM and satisfactory efficiencies for bacterial parameters, with higher THD, larger reductions for systems S1 and S2. Phase 1 was considered of better performance for chemical and bacterial parameters as well as for a few metals (chrome, nickle, aluminum, brome and iron), and for metals copper and zinc the system was inefficient in removing the same. The efficiency in total removal for most parameters was inferior in relation to the efficiencies of the wetlands, suggesting that the anaerobic reactor presented a negative influence, especially in function of dragging solids and/or VOL in phase 1.
We evaluated a Biological Treatment System in a pilot scale, associating a low charge and wetlands anaerobic reactor, aiming at the efficiency of removing organic matter, nutrients and inorganic pollutants (heavy metals) derived from Urban Solid Waste (USW) leachate. The experiment was constructed in three systems, referencing the percentage of organic matter (0, 30 and 60%) present in the USR. The recipients with the respective percentages of OM were connected to an anaerobic reactor and, in turn, connected to three wetlands, of which two presented distinct macrophyte plants (Salvinia auriculata (WM) and Eichhornia azurea (WA)) and the third with only gravel and sand substrate (C), denominated S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The experiment was conducted in two phases in function of the time of hydraulic detention (THD): Phase 1 with THD of 9.2 days and Phase 2 with THD of 4.6 days. We measured the flow every two days by means of hydrometers and daily measured evaporation and precipitation. We conducted weekly physical, chemical and bacterial analyses for a monitoring period of six months with the objective of evaluating the performance of the anaerobic reactors and wetlands in the removal of pollutants. The parameters evaluated were CODt, CODf, CODp, VSS, SS, TS, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, TA, TVA, pH, thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, operational parameters of the anaerobic reactors, IA, PA, temperature and IA/PA relation, as well as heavy metals (chrome, copper, brome, iron, manganese, aluminum, nickel and zinc). The analysis of the influence of THD and of the treatments (wetlands) within each system was statistically evaluated. The anaerobic reactors were not efficient in removing organic matter, nutrients and bacterial parameters (thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli) and little efficient in removing metals. Regarding the wetlands, we observed an efficiency above 60% for both macrophytes in the three systems and above 80% in regard to the removal of CODf, higher efficiencies for ammonium N, nitrite and nitrate for systems with higher percentages of OM and satisfactory efficiencies for bacterial parameters, with higher THD, larger reductions for systems S1 and S2. Phase 1 was considered of better performance for chemical and bacterial parameters as well as for a few metals (chrome, nickle, aluminum, brome and iron), and for metals copper and zinc the system was inefficient in removing the same. The efficiency in total removal for most parameters was inferior in relation to the efficiencies of the wetlands, suggesting that the anaerobic reactor presented a negative influence, especially in function of dragging solids and/or VOL in phase 1.
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Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, para a obtenção do título de Doutora.
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MARQUES, R. F. de P. V. Tratamento biológico de percolados de resíduos sólidos urbanos pela associação entre reator anaeróbio de baixa carga e wetlands. 2015. 263 p. Tese (Doutorado em Recursos Hídricos)-Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2015.