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Recent developments and challenges: a prospectus of microalgal biomass valorization
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Elsevier
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Microalgae have aroused research interest for years because of their potential as a raw material for various bioproducts. Currently, there is a widespread diffusion of commercial microalgae products in our daily lives, such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, pigments, and food supplements. Their characteristics, such as the ability to develop in the most diverse climates, the possibility of cultivation throughout the year, a high growth rate, and adaptability to different cultivation conditions, such as cultivation in wastewater, make these microorganisms a valuable substrate for biotechnological applications. Moreover, the cultivation in effluents ensures environmental and economic sustainability for the production chain, with the recycling of nutrients and inputs at zero cost. However, considering an open cultivating reactor with reduced operating costs, some wastewater-grown biomass characteristics can be highlighted. For example, the low lipid and high ash contents stand out, in addition to the presence of other microorganisms, making the biomass heterogeneous and of a more complex composition than the biomass resulting from axenic cultivation. Therefore less noble uses with a lower market price are commonly explored, such as energy uses, with routes for wet biomass conversion into biofuels. This chapter addresses hydrothermal processes, that is, liquefaction and carbonization, and biochemical ones (anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation). The latest findings and literature state of the art of all proposed routes are also reported, including biofertilizers, animal feed, and bioplastics from algal biomass produced in wastewaters. Finally, future opportunities, challenges, and prospects of each valorization route are highlighted.
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978-0-323-91869-5
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CALIJURI, M. L. et al. Recent developments and challenges: a prospectus of microalgal biomass valorization. In: BANDH, S. A.; MALLA, F. A. (Org.). Valorization of Microalgal Biomass and Wastewater Treatment. [S. I.]: Elsevier, 2023, p. 219-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91869-5.00013-2.